Representing the key concepts and relations between the decision variables in some formal manner, typically within a framework suggested by an expert systems shell, i.e. encoding of knowledge in a form that can be used…

Constraint satisfaction problems are closely related to optimization problems. The space of possible solutions to a constraint satisfaction problem is typically defined by a set of decision variables (e.g. the squares to be filled in…

Optimization is one of the key topics in the area of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Especially in the sense that the entire field of machine learning is based on optimization, but also in the…

Planning can be defined as “the reasoning side of acting” [auto_planning]. Solving a planning problem involves thinking about the available actions, considering their expected effects and identifying a sequence of them that will achieve the…

The task of cluster analysis involves identifying clusters (groups) of points in a dataset. The principal characteristic of a cluster is that its points are much closer to each other (in some sense: usually based…

A specific class of problems within the domain of data analysis and often associated with supervised supervised learning tasks such as classification and regression is collectively known as time series analysis and its distinguishing feature…

Classification is a task of supervised learning: a classifier is fitted to map its inputs (which can be discrete or continuous) to classes. The classifier observes an instance and decides into which of a predefined…

Regression is a task of supervised learning: a regression model is fitted to map its inputs (which can be discrete or continuous) to some previously known outputs. The outputs of a regression model are continuous.…

Visual semantic segmentation is a task related to, but distinct from image recognition and visual object detection. Like visual object detection and unlike image recognition, a segmentation method provides information about where an object occurs…

Identification – especially when based on unstructured data such as audio or vision – is a problem that often requires sophisticated machine learning methods. The problem of identification is distinct from both image recognition and…

The problem of visual object detection, as generally understood, is distinct from image recognition. In image recognition, an image as a whole is classified into one (or several) of a number of classes. In visual…

Modeling is a core topic across many disciplines. Generally speaking, a model is a simplified representation of some system, which only captures the aspects and characteristics of the original system that are important for a…

The area of decision making and control involves selecting among several different courses of action. The available actions can be: Discrete: finite number; infinite number; Continuous: infinite number. The decisions themselves can be: One-time: a…